Epidemiology – msunitech.com

Epidemiology Quiz

Epidemiology quiz helps us to increase our knowledge

1 / 110

Identify Type of prevention: Prostate Cancer Screening

1. Primary prevention

2. Secondary prevention

3. Tertiary prevention

4. Combination of primary and secondary

5. Combination of secondary and tertiary

2 / 110

Identify Type of prevention: Physio- therapy and associated medical therapy, following a stroke

1. Primary prevention

2. Tertiary prevention

3. Tertiary prevention

4. Combination of primary and secondary

5. Combination of secondary and tertiary

3 / 110

Identify Type of prevention: Measles vaccination

1. Primary prevention

2. Secondary prevention

3. Tertiary prevention

4. Combination of primary and secondary

5. Combination of secondary and tertiary

4 / 110

Identify Type of prevention: Breast cancer and cervical cancer screening in women

1. Tertiary prevention

2. Primary prevention

3. Secondary prevention

4. Combination of primary and secondary

5. Combination of secondary and tertiary

5 / 110

For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: Skin contact with an open fire / Burn

1. Sufficient

2. Necessary

3. Not necessary, not sufficient

4. It is not the cause

5. Both necessary and sufficient

6 / 110

For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: Measles virus / Measles

1. Sufficient

2. Necessary

3. Not necessary, not sufficient

4. It is not the cause

5. Both necessary and sufficient

7 / 110

For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: Vibrio cholerae/ Cholera

1. Sufficient

2. Not necessary, not sufficient

3. It is not the cause

4. Necessary

5. Both necessary and sufficient

8 / 110

For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: Smoking / Lung cancer

1. Not necessary, not sufficient

2. Sufficient

3. Necessary

4. It is not the cause

5. Both necessary and sufficient

9 / 110

Identify following situation by letters A, B, C, D, or E: Usual time of diagnosis (Look at the Att #1)

1. D

2. B

3. C

4. A

5. E

10 / 110

Identify following situation by letters A, B, C, D, or E: Exposure (Look at the Att #1)

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

5. E

11 / 110

“Identify following situation by letters A, B, C, D, or E: Diagnosis that was established during the screening program
Natural History of Disease Timeline: (Look at the Att # 1)”

1. B

2. A

3. C

4. D

5. E

12 / 110

Identify following situation by letters A, B, C, D, or E: Time of primary prevention (Look at the Att #1)
Natural History of Disease Timeline:

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

5. E

13 / 110

Match the term to the activity that best describes it: compare frequency of brain cancer among anatomists with frequency in general population

1. Determinants

2. Risk factor

3. Application

4. Distribution

5. Determinants and Application

14 / 110

Match the term to the activity that best describes it: mark on a map the residences of all children born with birth defects within 2 miles of a hazardous waste site

1. Determinants

2. Application

3. Risk factor

4. Distribution

5. Determinants and Application

15 / 110

For each of the fractions shown below, indicate whether it is a ratio, a proportion, a rate, or none of the three:
number of women in State A who died from lung cancer in 2004 /
number of women in State A who died from cancer (all types) in 2004

1. Ratio

2. Proportion

3. Rate

4. Ratio& Proportion

5. Proportion & Rate

16 / 110

For each of the fractions shown below, indicate whether it is a ratio, a proportion, a rate, or none of the three:
number of women in State A who died from heart disease in 2004 /
estimated number of women living in State A on July 1, 2004

1. Ratio

2. Proportion

3. Rate

4. Ratio& Proportion

5. Proportion & Rate

17 / 110

For each of the fractions shown below, indicate whether it is a ratio, a proportion, a rate, or none of the three:
number of women in State A who died from heart disease in 2004
estimated number of women living in State A on July 1, 2004

1. Proportion

2. Rate

3. Ratio

4. Ratio& Proportion

5. Proportion & Rate

18 / 110

Match the term to the activity that best describes it: recommend that close contacts of a child recently reported with meningococcal meningitis receive antibiotics

1. Application

2. Determinants

3. Distribution

4. Risk factor

5. Determinants and Application

19 / 110

Match the term to the activity that best describes it: graph the number of cases of congenital syphilis by year for the country

1. Determinants

2. Application

3. Risk factor

4. Distribution

5. Determinants and Application

20 / 110

Calculate point prevalence Apr 1 (Look at the Att #1)

1. 7

2. 1

3. 4

4. 6

5. 3

21 / 110

Calculate point prevalence Oct 1 (Look at the Att #1)

1. 6

2. 1

3. 4

4. 3

5. 7

22 / 110

Calculate Attack rate from Oct 1 to Sept 30 (Look at the Att #1)

1. 4

2. 1

3. 3

4. 6

5. 7

23 / 110

Calculate cumulative incidence from Oct 1 to Apr 1 (Look at the Att #1)

1. 3

2. 1

3. 4

4. 6

5. 7

24 / 110

For each of the fractions shown below, indicate whether it is a ratio, a proportion, a rate, or none of the three:
number of people in Region A who died from rabies in 2022
number of people in Region A who died in 2022

1. Ratio

2. Proportion

3. Rate

4. Ratio& Proportion

5. Proportion & Rate

25 / 110

In 2001, 200 new cases of hepatitis С were reported in the United States. The estimated mid-year population of the U.S. in 2001 was approximately 1000000. Calculate the incidence rate of hepatitis С in 2001

1. 1000000/200*10

2. 1000-200*10

3. 200/1000000-100

4. 200*1000/10

5. 200/1000000

26 / 110

In 2001, 450 new cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported in the United States. The estimated mid-year population of the U.S. in 2001 was approximately 10000. Calculate the incidence rate of AIDS in 2001

1. 450/10000-100

2. 10000-450*100

3. 450/10000*100

4. 450*10000/100

5. 10000/450*100

27 / 110

In a survey of 1,150 women who gave birth in Maine in 2000, a total of 468 reported taking a multivitamin at least 4 times a week during the month before becoming pregnant. Calculate the prevalence of frequent multivitamin use in this group

1. 468/1150*100

2. 1150/468

3. 468/1150-100

4. 1150/468*100

5. 1150-468/100

28 / 110

Calculate the relative risk for a population in which incidence of disease among exposed is 100 and non-exposed is 25

1. 100/25*100=400

2. 25/100=0.25

3. 100/25=4

4. 100-25=75

29 / 110

In the country A, as a result of the provision of effective diabetes treatment, an increase in the life expectancy of patients was noted. What epidemiological characteristics can this affect?

1. increase in incidence

2. decrease in prevalence

3. increase prevalence

4. decrease in incidence

30 / 110

In the definition of epidemiology, “determinants” generally includes:

1. All of the above

2. Causes

3. Sources

4. Risk factors

5. Agents

31 / 110

In the definition of epidemiology, “distribution” refers to:

1. All of the above

2. When

3. Where

4. Who

5. Agent, host, environment

32 / 110

A city has a population of 50000. Of these, 5000 have disease Y, which is incurable. There are 100 new cases and 40 deaths each year from this disease. There are 1500 deaths per year from all causes. The prevalence of this disease is given by

1. 100/50000

2. 1500/50000

3. 5000/50000

4. 40/50000

33 / 110

A city has a population of 50000. Of these, 5,000 have disease Y, which is incurable. There are 100 new cases and 40 deaths each year from this disease. There are 1500 deaths per year from all causes. The incidence of this disease is given by

1. 100/50000-5000

2. 40/50000

3. 1500/50000-1500

4. 5000/50000

34 / 110

In the study of atherosclerosis, 200 of the 259 diabetic men died during the 15-year follow-up period. Calculate the risk of death for these men.

1. (259 / 200) x 100

2. (200 + 259) / 100

3. 200 / 259 + 100

4. (200 / 259) x 100

35 / 110

Information is presented correctly:

1. The incidence of dysentery in the population of city N was 85.2 per 100 thousand population

2. The incidence of schoolchildren in city N in 1998 was 32.5 per 100 thousand population

3. The cumulative incidence of angina pectoris in persons older than 50 years in city N in 1998 was 18 per 100 population per year

4. The proportion of cases of arterial hypertension in men aged 20-55 years, on average in large cities of country N in 1990-98, was 25.3%

5. Prevalence of two types

36 / 110

When analyzing surveillance data by age, which of the following age groups is preferred? (Choose one best answer)

1. 10-year age groups

2. Depends on the disease

3. 5-year age groups

4. 1-year age groups

5. Depends on the age

37 / 110

The term “iceberg phenomenon” in epidemiology means:

1. That the registered incidence rate is lower than the true

2. Prevalence of asymptomatic cases

3. Discrepancy of the registered morbidity and specific gravity of the persons having the corresponding antibodies

4. Slow-developing, hard-to-recognize infectious disease epidemics

5. All of the above

38 / 110

Health surveillance is:

1. Interpretation of data

2. Monitoring programmes

3. Collection of data

4. Collection and interpretation of data

5. Improvement of research methods

39 / 110

Epidemiologic triad consists of all of the following except:

1. Host

2. Study of endemic diseases

3. Environment

4. Agent

5. Time, place, person

40 / 110

If the prevalence of a disease has been more or less constant for the past ten years (i.e., new cases have been balanced by cures or deaths of prevalent cases), what would be the effect if a large number of healthy people immigrated into the population?

1. It would increase prevalence of the disease

2. It would decrease mortality of the disease

3. It would decrease prevalence of the disease.

4. The effect on prevalence cannot be predicted from the information given.

5. It would have no effect on the prevalence of disease

41 / 110

If the prevalence of a disease has been more or less constant for the past ten years (i.e., new cases have been balanced by cures or deaths of prevalent cases), what would be the effect of a new program that reduces the incidence of the disease?

1. It would increase prevalence of the disease

2. The effect on prevalence cannot be predicted from the information given.

3. It would decrease prevalence of the disease.

4. It would decrease mortality of the disease

5. It would have no effect on the prevalence of disease

42 / 110

Which term best describes the pattern of occurrence of the disease noted below in a single area: In May, 8,000 cases of Smallpox were confirmed in the city of «N». A month later, about 100,000 cases of Smallpox in five countries.

1. Pandemic

2. Outbreak

3. Sporadic

4. Endemic

5. Epidemic

43 / 110

There were no new cases of Ebola virus in the United States from January 1, 1997 through January 1, 1998. Which of the following epidemiologic terms does this statement describe?

1. Lifetime prevalence

2. Incidence

3. Period prevalence

4. Mortality rate

5. Point prevalence

44 / 110

In the city of N. the total annual prevalence rate of long-term disease X in 1991, was 105.6 per 100 thousand population and in 1998 decreased to 70.4. The reasons for the low prevalence (choose all except one):

1. The emergence of new drugs that lead to an increase in the life expectancy of patients with disease X

2. Reducing the risk of new cases of disease X

3. Increasing death rate as a result of X-disease

4. The emergence of new drugs that increase the proportion of cured patients.

5. All of the above

45 / 110

Flu that spreading from person to person among students in MSI in December ( Look at the att #1)

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

46 / 110

By WHO definition “the occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behaviour, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy”.

1. Epidemic

2. Endemic

3. Sporadic

4. Pandemic

5. Outbreak

47 / 110

According to the World Health Organization, when cases of a disease are in excess of what we would normally expect to see.

1. Endemic

2. Sporadic

3. Epidemic

4. Outbreak

5. Pandemic

48 / 110

In 2019 there was an outbreak of dengue fever in Hawaii, where the disease is not endemic. It’s believed an infected person visited the Big Island and was bitten by mosquitoes there. The insects then transferred the disease to other individuals they bit, which created what type of disease occurrence?

1. Endemic

2. Epidemic

3. Pandemic

4. Sporadic

5. Outbreak

49 / 110

Dengue fever is indigenous to certain regions of Africa, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. Mosquitoes in these areas carry dengue fever and transmit it from person to person.Use the following choices for Questions:

1. Epidemic

2. Endemic

3. Sporadic

4. Outbreak

5. Pandemic

50 / 110

Examine the table and provide proportion for calculation of attack rate. What is the attack rate among those who drank vodka? (Look at the Att #1)

1. 4/16

2. 5/100

3. 10/11

4. 45/100

5. 46/184

51 / 110

Examine the table and provide proportion for calculation of attack rate.What is the attack rate among those who ate orange? (Look at the Att #1)

1. 5/100

2. 10/11

3. 46/184

4. 4/16

5. 45/100

52 / 110

Match the epi curve with the outbreak description.
Dishwasher who work in restaurant one day per week (Saturday only) for a month was salmonella carrier ( Look at the att #1)

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

53 / 110

Match the epi curve with the outbreak description.
Dishwasher who work in restaurant one day (Saturday only) was salmonella carrier ( Look at the att # 1)

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

54 / 110

Match the epi curve with the outbreak description.
Meat that was infected by E.Coli had been sold for a week in supermarket ( Look at the att #1)

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

55 / 110

Define active immunity

1. All of the above

2. Resistance of the entire community because of the people immunity within the community

3. Immunity gained from a person to person transaction

4. The development of immunity from previous exposure to an agent before a vaccine or natural infection

5. Acquired immunity from previous exposure to an agent before a vaccine.

56 / 110

An Indirect transmission includes which of the following?

1. Foodborne

2. Direct contact

3. Vectorborne

4. Droplet spread

5. All of the above

57 / 110

A direct transmission includes which of the following?

1. Foodborne

2. Droplet spread

3. Vehicleborne

4. Airborne

5. Vectorborne

58 / 110

Examine the table and provide proportion for calculation of attack rate. What is the attack rate among those who did not eat orange? (Look at the Att #1)

1. 4/16

2. 46/184

3. 10/11

4. 45/100

5. 5/100

59 / 110

Examine the table and provide proportion for calculation of attack rate. What is the attack rate among those who ate apple pie?(Look at the Att #1)

1. 46/184

2. 45/100

3. 10/11

4. 5/100

5. 4/16

60 / 110

Define passive immunity

1. The development of immunity from previous exposure to an agent before a vaccine or natural infection

2. Immunity gained from a person to person transaction

3. Acquired immunity from previous exposure to an agent before a vaccine.

4. Resistance of the entire community because of the people immunity within the community

5. Immunogenicity

61 / 110

For the following situation, identify what it reflects: The subjects were women enrolled in a health maintenance Organization. At 3 months, each woman was randomly given one of two types of new rotavirus vaccine. Two weeks later, the participants received a call from a nurse asking if they had any side effects.

1. Experimental

2. Observational cohort

3. Observational case-control

4. Observational cross-sectional

5. Not an analytical or epidemiologic study

62 / 110

British investigators conducted a study to compare measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine history among 1,294 children with pervasive development disorder (e.g., autism and Asperger’s syndrome) and 4,469 children without such disorders. (They found no association.) This is an example of which type(s) of study?

1. Observational case-control

2. Observational cohort

3. Experimental

4. Observational cross-sectional

5. Clinical trial

63 / 110

The Iowa Women’s Health Study, in which researchers enrolled 41,837 women in 1986 and collected exposure and lifestyle information to assess the relationship between these factors and subsequent occurrence of cancer, is an example of which type(s) of study?

1. Experimental

2. Observational case-control

3. Cohort

4. Observational cross-sectional

5. Not an analytical or epidemiologic study

64 / 110

A study in which children are randomly assigned to receive either a newly formulated vaccine or the currently available vaccine, and are followed to monitor for side effects and effectiveness of each vaccine, is an example of which type of study?

1. Experimental

2. Observational

3. Observational case-control

4. Observational cross-sectional

5. Not an analytical or epidemiologic study

65 / 110

The mode of transport of an infectious agent through the environment to a susceptible host is called a:

1. Reservoir

2. Vehicle

3. Vector

4. Carrier

5. Agent

66 / 110

If we have a hypothetical group of smokers (exposed) and non-smokers (not exposed), then we can look for the rate of lung cancer (event). If 17 smokers have lung cancer, 83 smokers do not have lung cancer, one non-smoker has lung cancer, and 99 non-smokers do not have lung cancer. (Look at the Att #1). Please, calculate the odds ratio

1. 17/83 = 0.205

2. 1/99 = 0.09

3. 1/99 = 0.01

4. 0.205/0.01=20.5

5. 17/83 = 20.5

67 / 110

If we have a hypothetical group of smokers (exposed) and non-smokers (not exposed), then we can look for the rate of lung cancer (event). If 17 smokers have lung cancer, 83 smokers do not have lung cancer, one non-smoker has lung cancer, and 99 non-smokers do not have lung cancer. (Look at the Att #1).Please, calculate the odds in the unexposed group

1. 1/99 = 0.01

2. 17/83 = 20.5

3. 17/83 = 0.205

4. 1/99 = 0.09

5. 17/100 = 0.017

68 / 110

The measure of association used in a case-control study is:

1. Odds Ratio

2. Ecologic Correlation

3. Relative Risk

4. Indigence

5. Prevalence

69 / 110

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of HIV infection on mortality among people in INDIA with TB. Individuals with TB were recruited from hospitals and their HIV status determined. They were then followed-up over ten years to compare mortality rates in the HIV positive group and HIV negative group.

1. Case-control

2. Cohort study

3. Randomized controlled trial

4. Cross-sectional

5. Ecological study

70 / 110

American investigators conducted a study to compare measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine history among 1,294 children with pervasive development disorder (e.g., autism and Asperger’s syndrome) and 4,469 children without such disorders. (They found no association.) This is an example of which type(s) of study?

1. Cohort

2. Experimental

3. Cross-sectional

4. Case-control

5. Clinical trial

71 / 110

Which of the following is an advantage of a case-control study?

1. It may be used to study etiology of a rare disease.

2. Multiple disease outcomes following a selected exposure can be readily studied.

3. Dependence on recall by subjects in the study minimized.

4. It is possible to determine the true incidence of the disease.

5. There is little or no bias in assessment of exposure

72 / 110

Consider the treatment of patients with endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus (SA). Although the mortality rate for this disease ranges from 25% to 47% (6), let us assume that in the population of interest, White males aged 30 to 60 the mortality rate is 38% with the standard antibiotic treatment of penicillin, methycillin, vancomycin and other antibiotics. However, a new drug has been developed that attacks the bacteria’s ability to protect itself from the human immune system rather than interfering with cell wall development. The question is this: What are the odds of dying with the new drug as opposed to the standard antibiotic therapy protocol? The formula can also be presented as (a × d)/(b × c) (this is called the cross-product). (Look at the Att #1). Table. Results from fictional SA endocarditis treatment study

1. OR = (152 × 103)/ (17 × 248) = (15656/4216) = 3.71.

2. OR = (152 – 103)/ (17 – 248) = (15656/4216) = 3.71.

3. OR = (152 / 103)+ (17/ 248) = (15656/4216) = 3.71

4. OR = (152 × 103)+ (17 × 248) = (15656/4216) = 3.71.

5. OR = (152 + 103)/ (17 + 248) = (15656/4216) = 3.71.

73 / 110

Consider the treatment of patients with endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus (SA). Although the mortality rate for this disease ranges from 25% to 47% (6), let us assume that in the population of interest, White males aged 30 to 60 the mortality rate is 38% with the standard antibiotic treatment of penicillin, methycillin, vancomycin and other antibiotics. However, a new drug has been developed that attacks the bacteria’s ability to protect itself from the human immune system rather than interfering with cell wall development. The question is this: What are the odds of dying with the new drug as opposed to the standard antibiotic therapy protocol? (Look at the Att #1). Table. Results from fictional SA endocarditis treatment study

1. OR = (a/b)/(c/d) = (152/17)/(262/103) = 8.94/2.41 = 3.71

2. OR = (a/b)-(c/d) = (152/17)/(262/103) = 8.94/2.41 = 3.71

3. OR = (a/b)/(c/d) = (152/17)/(262/103) = 8.94/2.41 = 3.

4. OR = (a/c)/(c/d) = (152/17)/(262/103) = 8.94/2.41 = 3.71

5. OR = (a/c)/(b/d) = (152/17)/(262/103) = 8.94/2.41 = 3.71

74 / 110

Imagine that the incidence of gun violence is compared in two cities, one with relaxed gun laws (A), the other with strict gun laws (B). In the city with relaxed gun laws, there were 50 shootings in a population of 100,000 and in the other city, 10 shootings in a population of 100,000. What is the relative risk of gun violence in the city with strict gun laws (B)?

1. 0.2

2. 5.0

3. 10

4. 50

5. 0.1

75 / 110

Imagine that the incidence of gun violence is compared in two cities, one with relaxed gun laws (A), the other with strict gun laws (B). In the city with relaxed gun laws, there were 50 shootings in a population of 100,000 and in the other city, 10 shootings in a population of 100,000. What is the relative risk of gun violence in the city with relaxed gun laws (A)?

1. 5.0

2. 0.2

3. 10

4. 50

5. 0.1

76 / 110

A study was carried out to find out association between Obesity and Diabetes type 2, The Odd ratio in this study is: (Look at the Att #1)

1. 85*75/25*15

2. 85/15*25/75

3. (85/85+15)/(25/25+75)=

4. (85/85+25)/(15/15+75)=

5. 85*25/75*15

77 / 110

A study was carried out to find out association between Hypertension and Stroke. The Relative risk in this study is: (Look at the Att #1)

1. (60/60+40)/(25/25+75)=

2. B. (60/100+40)/(25/100+75)=

3. (60/60+25)/(40/40+75)=

4. (60*75)/(25*40)=

5. (60*40)/(25*75)=

78 / 110

A study was carried out to find out association between Hypertension and Stroke. The Odd ratio in this study is: (Look at the Att #1)

1. (60*75)/(25*40)=

2. B. (60/100+40)/(25/100+75)=

3. (60/60+25)/(40/40+75)=

4. (60/60+40)/(25/25+75)=

5. (60*40)/(25*75)=

79 / 110

A study was carried out to find out association between Hypertension and Stroke. The risk ratio in this study is: (Look at the Att #1)

1. (60/60+40)/(25/25+75)=

2. B. (60/100+40)/(25/100+75)=

3. (60/60+25)/(40/40+75)=

4. (60*75)/(25*40)=

5. (60*40)/(25*75)=

80 / 110

What is the measure of association for a case-control study?

1. Odds ratio

2. Relative risk

3. prevalence

4. Confidence interval

5. incidence

81 / 110

Researchers conduct analytical study of pancreatic cancer. The study included 200 cases and 200 controls. Of the cases, 80% reported they smoked cigarettes. Among the controls, 50% reported they smoked cigarettes.What is the type of study?

1. Experimental study

2. Case-control

3. Clinical trial

4. Cohort

82 / 110

A cohort study differs from a case-control study in that:

1. Subjects are enrolled or categorized on the basis of their exposure status in a cohort study but not in a case-control study

2. Cohort studies are conducted to investigate chronic diseases, case-control studies are used for infectious diseases

3. Cohort studies require many years to conduct, but case-control studies do not

4. Subjects are asked about their exposure status in a cohort study but not in a casecontrol study

5. neither above

83 / 110

Priority areas of application of cohort epidemiological studies are

1. Rare diseases

2. Chronic disease

3. One consequence of different causes in one study

4. Different effects of one cause in one study

5. All of the above

84 / 110

A study was carried out to find out association between Obesity and Diabetes type 2, The Risk ratio in this study is: (Look at the Att #1)

1. (85/85+15)/(25/25+75)=

2. (85/85+25)/(15/15+75)=

3. 85*25/75*17

4. 85*75/25*17

5. 85/15*25/77

85 / 110

A study was carried out to find out association between Obesity and Diabetes type 2, The Relative Risk in this study is: (Look at the Att #1)

1. (85/85+25)/(15/15+75)=

2. 85/15*25/76

3. (85/85+15)/(25/25+75)=

4. 85*75/25*16

5. 85*25/75*16

86 / 110

Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 participants were hospitalized with stroke and 50 participants were hospitalized for other disorders. The main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) on development of stroke
Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants took statins before the stroke. Out of all participants who took statins 6 had stroke.What is the type of study?

1. Cohort

2. Cross-Sectional

3. Clinical trial

4. Ecological

5. Case-control

87 / 110

Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 participants were hospitalized with stroke and 50 participants were hospitalized for other disorders. The main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) on development of stroke
Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants took statins before the stroke. Out of all participants who took statins 6 had stroke.What is the outcome in the study?

1. Statins

2. Stroke

3. CVD

4. Diabetes

5. Other disorders

88 / 110

In this regard, it can be argued that in a randomized controlled trial, patients receiving a placebo are not deceived (do not receive proper treatment):

1. Sign the "Informed consent of the patient" (where his consent to the use of placebo is provided)

2. The attending physician receives the patient's oral consent to conduct the experiment

3. Placebo has no harmful effects on the body, so its use does not require the consent of the patient

4. Sign consent for hospitalization

5. Sign consent for discharge

89 / 110

A study in which the patient does not know and the doctor knows what treatment the patient is receiving is called:

1. It is impossible for any type of study

2. Placebo-controlled

3. Double blind

4. Triple blind

5. Single blind

90 / 110

A harmless inactive substance offered under the guise of a drug that does not differ from it in appearance, smell, texture, is called:

1. Randomization

2. Placebo

3. Supplement

4. Analog of the studied drug

5. Homeopathic medicine

91 / 110

Researchers interviewed 200 patients. 100 participants were hospitalized with diagnoses diabetes and 100 patients hospitalized for other disorders, comparing their drinking habits in order to identify effect of alcohol consumptions on development of diabetes
Results of interview: The prevalence of positive alcohol drinking status among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who consumed alcohol 18 had diabetes.
What is the outcome in the study?

1. Alcohol consumption

2. CVD

3. Association

4. Other disorders

5. Diabetes

92 / 110

Researchers interviewed 200 patients. 100 participants were hospitalized with diagnoses diabetes and 100 patients hospitalized for other disorders, comparing their drinking habits in order to identify effect of alcohol consumptions on development of diabetes
Results of interview: The prevalence of positive alcohol drinking status among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who consumed alcohol 18 had diabetes.
What is the exposure in the study?

1. Alcohol consumption

2. Diabetes

3. CVD

4. Association

5. Other disorders

93 / 110

Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 participants were hospitalized with stroke and 50 participants were hospitalized for other disorders. The main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) on development of stroke
Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants took statins before the stroke. Out of all participants who took statins 6 had stroke.Provide proportion for calculation the association based on the numbers in the table

1. 6*46 / 4*44

2. 6/50 / 4/100

3. 6/6+4 / 44/44+46

4. 4*46 / 6*44

5. 50 / 4*44

94 / 110

Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 participants were hospitalized with stroke and 50 participants were hospitalized for other disorders. The main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) on development of stroke
Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants took statins before the stroke. Out of all participants who took statins 6 had stroke.Fill out two by two table

1. A, B,C,D=6, 4, 50, 50

2. A, B,C,D=4, 6, 46, 44

3. A, B,C,D=4, 6, 50, 50

4. A, B,C,D=6, 4, 44, 46

5. A, B,C,D=6, 46, 44, 4

95 / 110

Researchers recruited 100 participants with CVD. 50 participants were hospitalized with stroke and 50 participants were hospitalized for other disorders. The main goal of the study was to identify effect of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) on development of stroke
Results of medical cards review: 10% of participants took statins before the stroke. Out of all participants who took statins 6 had stroke.What is the measure of association that you will use?

1. RR

2. Percentage

3. OR

4. Proportion

5. Attributable risk

96 / 110

Researchers recruited 100 HIV positive participants, 50 of them strictly followed antiretroviral regimen and other 50 did not, researchers followed the participants for 5 years in order to identify effect of “strictly follow the regimen” and development of AIDS
Results of interview: The prevalence of AIDS among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who had AIDS 5 strictly followed the regimen.
What is the exposure in the study?

1. AIDS

2. HIV

3. Antiretroviral therapy

4. Did not follow antiretroviral regimen

5. Followed antiretroviral regimen

97 / 110

Researchers interviewed 200 patients. 100 participants were hospitalized with diagnoses diabetes and 100 patients hospitalized for other disorders, comparing their drinking habits in order to identify effect of alcohol consumptions on development of diabetes
Results of interview: The prevalence of positive alcohol drinking status among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who consumed alcohol 18 had diabetes.
Provide proportion for calculation the association based on the numbers in the table

1. 18*10 / 200*82

2. 18*98 / 2*82

3. 18/ 100

4. 18/ 2*82

5. 18/ 18+2 / 82/ 82+98

98 / 110

Researchers interviewed 200 patients. 100 participants were hospitalized with diagnoses diabetes and 100 patients hospitalized for other disorders, comparing their drinking habits in order to identify effect of alcohol consumptions on development of diabetes
Results of interview: The prevalence of positive alcohol drinking status among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who consumed alcohol 18 had diabetes.
Fill out two by two table

1. A, B,C,D= 18, 82, 2, 98

2. A, B,C,D= 18, 2, 20, 100

3. A, B,C,D= 5, 45, 5, 45

4. A, B,C,D= 98,8 2, 2, 18

5. A, B,C,D=18, 2, 82, 98

99 / 110

Researchers interviewed 200 patients. 100 participants were hospitalized with diagnoses diabetes and 100 patients hospitalized for other disorders, comparing their drinking habits in order to identify effect of alcohol consumptions on development of diabetes
Results of interview: The prevalence of positive alcohol drinking status among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who consumed alcohol 18 had diabetes.
What is the measure of association that you will use?

1. RR

2. OR

3. Attributable risk

4. Proportion

5. Percentage

100 / 110

Researchers interviewed 200 patients. 100 participants were hospitalized with diagnoses diabetes and 100 patients hospitalized for other disorders, comparing their drinking habits in order to identify effect of alcohol consumptions on development of diabetes
Results of interview: The prevalence of positive alcohol drinking status among participants was 10%. Out of all participants who consumed alcohol 18 had diabetes.
What is the type of study?

1. Case-control

2. Ecological

3. Clinical trial

4. Cross-Sectional

5. Cohort

101 / 110

For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: Treponema pallidum / Syphilis

1. Sufficient

2. Necessary

3. Not necessary, not sufficient

4. It is not the cause

5. Both necessary and sufficient

102 / 110

Identify Type of prevention: Vaccination against cervical cancer

1. Primary prevention

2. Secondary prevention

3. Tertiary prevention

4. Combination of primary and secondary

5. Combination of secondary and tertiary

103 / 110

Identify Type of prevention: High blood pressure screening among people older than 50

1. Primary prevention

2. Secondary prevention

3. Tertiary prevention

4. Combination of primary and secondary

5. Combination of secondary and tertiary

104 / 110

Identify Type of prevention: Rubella immunization

1. Secondary prevention

2. Tertiary prevention

3. Combination of primary and secondary

4. Primary prevention

5. Combination of secondary and tertiary

105 / 110

Identify Type of prevention: Education about healthy and safe habits among participants with diabetes in order to diabetic foot

1. Secondary prevention

2. Primary prevention

3. Tertiary prevention

4. Combination of primary and secondary

5. Combination of secondary and tertiary

106 / 110

Identify following situation by letters A, B, C, D, or E: Time of secondary prevention (Look at the Att #1)
Natural History of Disease Timeline:

1. B

2. A

3. C

4. D

5. E

107 / 110

Identify following situation by letters A, B, C, D, or E: Time of tertiary prevention (Look at the Att #1)
Natural History of Disease Timeline:

1. B

2. C

3. D

4. A

5. E

108 / 110

For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: A gene mutation associated with Tay-Sachs

1. Sufficient

2. Necessary

3. Not necessary, not sufficient

4. It is not the cause

5. Both necessary and sufficient

109 / 110

For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: HIV infection / AIDS

1. Sufficient

2. Not necessary, not sufficient

3. It is not the cause

4. Necessary

5. Both necessary and sufficient

110 / 110

For the following risk factor and health outcomes, identify whether it is necessary cause or sufficient cause: Alcohol consumption / Cirrhosis

1. Sufficient

2. Necessary

3. Not necessary, not sufficient

4. It is not the cause

5. Both necessary and sufficient

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